1984 Oppression Essay Example for Free

1984 Oppression EssayIn the dystopian novel 1984, George Orwell portrays a society where betrayal is not save acceptable, but it is actively encouraged through the use of psychological manipulation, which demonstrates the weakness of the individual to resist oppression.The party has built the society in such a way that when minister is turned in by his daughter to the Thought Police he reacts with sort of a doleful pride (233). Parson is an example of the unthinking plenty of the society he has been oppressed for so long his ability for individual thought has been greatly diminished. He doesnt even question if he sincerely committed treason against high-risk Brother, he does not take into consideration that his seven year old daughter may be lying. Parsons doesnt evince any anger toward his daughter that betrayed him, his response is the exact opposite he is proud that his daughter is doing what is best for the party. The partys oppression of the individual begins at birt h, through methodical thought conditioning. The party transforms the children of the society into model citizens that are willing to betray their own flesh and blood.See more Foot spine In China essayThrough the partys use of psychological manipulation the framework of the society urges its citizens to pursue the enemies of Big Brother. This further cements the callers power. The party dehumanizes them so that their inhibitions are only showing loyalty to the party. Through the domination of thought the party ensures that its citizens are completely loyal to Big Brother. The telescreen is a tool for the party the citizens of Oceania live in constant fear of being monitored by the screens that they end up betraying their thoughts through their body language. The smallest thing could contain you international. A nervous tic, an unconscious look, a habit of muttering to yourself-anything that carried with the suggestion of abnormality(79).Oceanias citizens dont know when they are b eing watched, the by-product of this is the citizens policing themselves, giving the Thought Police the ability to completely control them. The fear produced by the telescreens lead the people expose themselves to the eyes of the party, which ultimately leads them to betray themselves .The party overwhelms the minds capacity by a constant stream of propaganda coming out of the telescreen at all hours of the day allowing the party to completely dominate the minds of the people, taking away the potential of individual thought.Betrayal in the society George Orwell created in 1984 was expected. Through the domination of the individual thought, and their inability to resist that oppression, betrayal of ones comrades was only natural. Individual thought was so greatly overshadowed by the partys constant stream of propaganda in the novel that there was no place for it in the minds of the citizens. The psychological manipulation that the party inflicted on its citizens everyday made it imp ossible for the individual to resist oppression.

Analysis of the Star Wars Films

Analysis of the fighter Wars FilmsA change in the forceWhen I think of the term A Heros travel the first image that comes to mind is Luke Skywalker standing proudly holding an outstretched lightsaber pointing to the stars with Princess Leia kneeling at his feet clutching a b give wayer as depicted on the coer of the 1978 movie one wars IV a New Hope. Like millions of other children, this get hold of was, unk presentlyingly, my first introduction into the brain of submarine sandwichic archetypes.It was a story of a wedge heels awakening and the engagement in the midst of the forces of light and dark, with glorious stead battles, cocky space pirates and a pretty princess. I would watch the VHS tape multiple seasons a day. It had a very pro give impact on my young mind and although the concept was used umpteen times before, its sci-fi themed setting was more than enough to attract the attention millions of other kids and adults alike.It is well documented that George Lucas was heavily inspired by joseph Campbell (1904-1987) and his work, The Hero with a g-force Faces (1949). In this Campbell outlines what he calls the mavens journeying this is a motif of adventure and personal transformation that is used in nearly every cultures mythical framework.This is mirrored in A New Hope where in act unitary of the heros journey we meet Luke Skywalker who lives on the desert planet of Tatooine and works on his uncles moisture farm. It is short after we learn of Lukes dreams of go a pilot but is bound by his obligations to his uncle to help with the harvest which will be ripe soon. When he receives the put across contained within the R2-D2 droid from a princess in obvious agony it serves as his call to adventure and inspires his first maltreats on his journey which will lead him to obi Wan Kenobi, his future day mentor. Luke initially denies the call only changing his mind when his family and home be destroyed, only then accepting the first stage of his journey which is to rescue the princess.The second act is generally when the hero meets allies, enemies, undergoes life and death conflict and completes the of import confinement in his journey. This prat be seen when Luke and Ben enlist the go of rogues Han and Chewbacca and experience their first confrontation with the evil empire. As Luke escapes Tatooine in search of the princess on the planet Alderaan it is truly the beginning of his journey as he ventures into space on his quest. Luke receives training from Obi Wan and bonds with Han during this time and eventually meets the princess by the land up of act two.Luke is alike portraying identical fictional characteristics of the epic hero during this time, commencement in his humble beginnings as a farm son to completing a task meant only for him and displaying many ideals of the epic hero such as morals, strength, faith, intelligence and bravery. While all these characteristics are vital to fulfil the epic hero li neament, it is faith that Luke must find in the force before he can truly achieve his luxurious status.When Luke and the crew of the Millennium Falcon are captured by the death star, the audience is unsure if they will succeed in escaping and weather they rescue the princess along the way. Of tier our hero finds the princess and achieves the goal while nearly being killed along the way. Luke escapes the death star and his task is achieved.Over the course of the second act Luke begins to display the qualities of an epic hero, Luke is seen as morally positive intelligent man, optimistic to the highest degree his mission and displays strength and bravery in a number of ways. His faith in the mystical force likewise develops as he preservers to continue forward after the death of his mentor Obi Wan.In the third act Luke displays what he has learnt every outrank the course of his journey. It is only then that the hero can gain the true reward -in Lukes case this is knowledge.Lukes f inal task is to aid in the destruction of the Death Star and will only egress if his mission is a success otherwise he will be killed and his journey will be over. During the final assault Luke displays growth as a hero, his belief in the force and his alliance with fri dying Han unaccompanied boost shows his hero status. Luke uses his new knowledge gained from his journey and the force to destroy the Death Star and save the rebel alliance from total destruction.It is at this point Luke Journey comes to an end for a New Hope but is continued by Lucas over the course the trilogy, this even continues into the latest instalment, The pull out Awakens released in 2015.Although I slang focused on Lukes role up until this point is also important to note the other archetypes present in The Star Wars movies.Firstly is Han Solo who is possibly the close be make loved character in the original trilogy. This is mostly because of his bad boy image and that he is a cynical anti-hero comput e and a bit of a cowboy who relies mostly on courage and the use of his blaster to escape tight situations. He is an independent and strong character as his name only would suggest. In the first film Han can be seen as a shape shifter, perceived by the main character as almost cardinal he is unsure of trusting. Hanss intentions are hidden as well as his loyalties as he doesnt want to care about the rebellion or their struggle against the empire. He only wants to care for himself and problems directly affecting him. In the final moments of the battle at the end of sequence IV Han comes to Lukes aid and ends up joining the struggle with the rebels. Hanss journey is more about learning to care for others rather than just about himself, this journey continues throughout the second and third films as Han the proven warrior now learns to love.Han is accompanied through the trilogy by his trusty companion Chewbacca. It is common for a hero to befriend a beast along the way as this helps t he hero to be reminded of the natural world.Lukes main companions include the droids C3PO and R2-D2. They mostly serve comic relief and the everyman archetype. They react to situations much like the audience would if they were thrown into the action. They cower and vaporize from danger but are also the heralds who issue challenges to the hero as well as announce the coming of change in the heros future.R2-D2 also serves as the Catalyst of the story. He is passionate and helpful, and is completely dedicated to the cause, he delivered the first call to arms to Luke and eventually accompanying him to his next stage of training with the last remaining Jedi master Yoda.Yoda, similar to Obi Wan before him is the old man mentor archetype, although he also embodies multiple archetypes also. When Yoda first meets Luke in the swamps of Dagobah, he is the trickster who is pretending to be a senile old creature, later it is revealed that he is a threshold guardian who is protecting the wisdom and secrets of the Jedi devote until the hero proves himself worthy of such gifts. These secrets also contain the truth about Lukes family and the eventual downfall of his father, Anakin Skywalker. Yoda is also represents the oracle that possesses the ability to see beyond the present to future possibilities.Lukes father Anakin Skywalker experiences a true Visionaries arc throughout the series. From a simple slave on Tatooine to becoming one of the last Jedi knights, he remained committed to the order until a vision of his dying mother and death of his beloved wife lead him to the dark side only to be reborn as the coercive Darth Vader. Vader is committed to the vision of the empire and remains its most staunch supporter until the undeniable force of change returns him to the light side of the force. This happens as a lead of this long lost son Luke who he sacrifices himself to save from the emperor and herald in a new era in the process, which would be led by his children Luke a nd Leia.Princess Leia represents the feminine in the otherwise male dominated Star Wars universe.In the original trilogy she is firstly depicted as a damsel in distress who is captured by the empire and has to be rescued by the heros. She then reveals herself to be a warrior as she fights to escape the Death Star. Later in the series she takes on a leadership role in the rebel alliance and also a romantic role with Han Solo. In the final film of the original trilogy she is revealed to be the twin sister of Luke Skywalker, thus becoming a female counterpart to Luke with the alike(p) strength and potential he has.Leia and her mother Padme are also nigh(a) examples of what may be perceived as sexual practice bias in the original and prequel trilogies. Aside from these characters the Star Wars universe is practically devoid of female characters. comparable to the society we live in, the Star Wars universe is predominantly patriarchal with characters such as Luke Skywalker and Obi W an Kenobi garnering more attention with the female characters usually taking a back seat to the action when they are round. Characters such as Luke and Obi Wan show qualities such as loyalty, integrity and bravery in the face of overwhelming odds, while the females are mostly submissive with very few opportunities to be heroic themselves.While the male characters mostly fill the role of the archetypal male hero that the audience is used to seeing, they do grow some differences. Han Solo for example is good looking, adventurous with a bad boy attitude while at the same time being irresistible to the opposite sex. Luke Skywalker is also adventurous but is different in that by the end of the original trilogy does not win the girl and forgoes the stereotype of ladies man in favour of the serious hero with a solemn nature similar to the samurai found in the Kurosawa films that originally inspired Lucas. The Jedi from the prequels follow much the same archetypes, female Jedi are presen t in these movies but are mostly relegated to the background in scenes with no input of value coming from them during the course of the movies.Female villains are also noticeably missing from the films and females in general and are nowhere to be found in the ranks of the Galactic Empire, with the addition to the noticeable lack of alien creatures as well. Although, this may have been a product of the times of the original films yield as women in general would not be viewed as legitimate villains. Regardless of the real reasons for this the Star Wars universe is practically devoid of female heroes and villains alike. also worth noting is that the female characters do little to further the cause of the heros and will often get in the way, requiring the heros take time to rescue them.Leia may be an exception to this she is the most influential female character by far in the Star Wars universe and after the release of Episode IV in 1977 lead to a noticeable uprising in strong female le ads in film. Two years later we would see possibly the most heroic female character ever, Ellen Ripley appears in the hit horror movie Alien. With Linda Hamiltons Sarah Connor furthering the cause in 1984s The Terminator a few years later. How much influence Princess Leia had over these characters is aristocratical to see. Leia is headstrong and cocky and when we are first introduced to her she is perceived by the audience as an authority figure being no way over sexualized. Even in the face of her captures she is fearless which is uncharacteristic of the damsel in distress idea.Episode IV is essentially a story about a princess who needs to be rescued from the villains stronghold. Women are seen to be on a lower threshold than men and require rescuing as they cannot do so themselves, interestingly, as soon as the male heroes rescue Leia, she takes control of the situation telling the heroes what to do, even rescuing them in the process. At one point she even takes the weapon from Luke to undecided up a pathway to escape. When they finally escape the Death Star, Leia is also the only one to realise that their escape may have been too easy with the real reason being that they would be used to track the location of the rebel bases.As part of the Rebellion, Leia is also regarded as an authority figure. She orders the all-male rebel pilots around throughout the original trilogy. She is seen as an important and influential strong female protagonist. Gwendolyn Glover, a noted feminist blogger writes, I know that for many, Princess Leia is a sex symbol. The impossible and perfect woman. For me, Princess Leia is my feminist icon. She was my first (and pretty much only) female role model for feminism. In a male dominated universe, she stood out as a force to be reckoned with. Tough, smart, and outspoken, she typified everything that I wanted to be,(Glover, 2009).Leias role in Episode IV does a lot for female protagonists in the film industry. With the release of Ep isode V The Empire Strikes Back in 1980 Leias character conforms more to the traditional female character roles seen up until then in film. Her romance with Han Solo is a stark contrast to her disinterest in the male leads in the first film and she quickly becomes useless for the majority of the film. In the first 15 proceeding of Episode V Han is required to rescue her from the crumbling ruins of the rebel base on Hoth while she displays fear of rodents and requires a male to kill them for her. Which all seems out of place for such an independent character who, in the previous film required none of this attention from her male counterparts and spends the majority of this film falling in love with one of them.One scene in particular stands out in Episode V The Empire Strikes Back. When Leia is confronted by Han, she is backed into a corner and asked about her true feelings, the male character takes her hands preventing her escape. The scene ends as she succumbs to her feelings and p assionately kisses her capture. This scene can easily be construed as disturbing as it may teach men that borderline violent behaviour or intimidation is a viable way to a womans heart.This trend continues in Episode VI Return of the Jedi when after rescuing Han from Jabba the Hutt, Leia is herself captured and forced to wear a gold bikini and lie at the foot of Jabbas bed with a collar around her neck, waiting to be rescued by a man. in this we see leias change from the first film where she is dresses from head to toe in white to the final film where we see her practically naked creating one of the most iconic images of male fantasy ever to be seen on the big screen.After she is rescued by Luke she succeeds in killing Jabba (who resembles a giant phallus) with the chain that was previously used to hold her. Towards the end of the film, Leia redeems herself by saving Hans life by shooting assail Stormtroopers in the films final battle. Thus, although Leia conforms to the traditiona l gender roles, she does project some positive traits throughout the course of the original trilogy.With the release Star Wars Episode VII The hale Awakens in 2015, popular culture was nevertheless lacking adequate female representation and role models.When a woman was cast as the lead character in the latest instalment of the Star Wars Saga it was a regarded as a big deal.Rey, played by Daisy Ridley was both a protagonist and a hero, she has no romantic interests, wears combat outfits and fights villains just like Anakin and Luke in the trilogies before her .Starting out as a scavenger on Jakku she combines some of the best traits of Luke Skywalker, Leia Organa and Han Solo and is both a relatable and believable female lead which is rare to see in films even today. This leads to breaking the stereotype which is present in the earlier films and reinforces the gender balance. Young girls growing up with these new films will have a role model to look up to, while boys will see Rey as a hero regardless of gender.Rey, and her companion Finn mirror well-known initiation myths from mythology While Finn draws from various Biblical folktales and Celtic myths, Reys story is a updated version of one of the oldest myths, The Epic of Gilgamesh, while adding a feminist interpretation (Glen Robert Gill, 2016). Reys struggle with the main villain Kylo Ren, who is later revealed to be the son of Han Solo and Leia Organa, resembles mythic themes of relations and rivalries between siblings. Although Reys lineage is kept secret from the viewer, the idea that she is a Skywalker would make perfect archetypal sense.When we are introduced to Rey we quickly realise she will follow much of the same traits as J.J. Abrams previous leading female characters such as Jennifer Garner of Alias and Anna Torv of Fringe. Rey is a solitary hero who resides in the desert. Her name evokes ideas of light or solar heroism (Ray) and royalty with Rey meaning King in Spanish.Rey however starts at th e bottom of the social hierarchy unlike Gilgamesh. While stranded on the planet Jakku we see her scavenging parts from crashed Imperial ships as a means to survive which may be a forecasting of her future as a rebel. Rey is an inverted feminist version of Gilgamesh that will have to be trained and moulded with the martial tradition of the Jedi order to become a Jedi and possibly even becoming immortal during the course of the new films.Rey is also an orphan similar to Finn that reminds us of many female examples such as Daenerys Targaryen from Game Of Thrones, Jane Eyre or even Annie. This can have special feminine implications as the search for her family is not just about parental affirmation but also about overcoming social vulnerabilities and inequities. interchangeable to the first meeting between Gilgamesh and his companion Enkidu, the first time Rey and Finn meet they begin fighting and arguing with each other, only to later find a common purpose. Just as Rey is an inverted f eminist Gilgamesh, Finn is an inverted version of Enkidu, Enkidu can be seen as a representation of the natural or uncouth side of humanity. As Finn is spurred to escape the soulless structure of the First Order to the natural environment of the Resistance by the cold toughness of Captain Phasma, who is the cast out projection of the maidenly anima. Phasmas chrome covered armor projects the mythological idea of the mirror, as this symbolizes self-contemplation and self-examination.As Finn and Rey grow closer as friends, we see in them less as deserters (Finn deserted the First Order, Rey was deserted on the desert planet by her family) but an updated version of the archetypal friendly relationship between Gilgamesh and Enkidu. The friendship that develops between Rey and Finn during The Force Awakens reminds us that friendships born in the midst of battle do not need to be exclusively masculine, and do not have to be endorsed or convoluted by a romantic element.When Rey and Finn e scape the planet Jakku they are introduced to Han Solo and Chewbacca, the original trilogys version of the same archetypal characters. Han Solos return also brings with it the Jungs archetypal figure the wise old man. Just like Obi-Wan Kenobis role to Luke in A New Hope, Han becomes a mentor figure to our main characters. Han also affirms the existence of the Force to Rey in the exact same location on board the Millennium Falcon as Obi-Wan Kenobi tutored Luke.Soon after our quaternion heroes meet they must work together to escape gangsters who are attempting to capture Solo, the archetypal significance of this is found in the pursuing groups destruction by the frightening rathtars that escape their cages during the course of the action, these snake-tentacled creatures are reminiscent of the mythical Medusa that is itself a demonic incarnation of the yonic symbol that Freud called the vagina dentata(Leah12. 2012) In relation to Reys journey, this can be seen as a parallel of Gilgam eshs battle with the monstrous Humbaba. In a archetypal sense monsters are generally projections of the proscribe self or extensions of the viewers self-image, it is also worth noting that while Gilgamesh decapitates his monster in an egoistic search for prestige, Rey only dismembers her monster to aid her companion, Finn. It is also notable that during Reys martial induction, she generally only uses her growing abilities for defence and enemy persuasion just as the Jedi code demands, and only time she is openly aggressive is when Finn is cut down during his battle with Kylo Ren in the films climax.Rey is basically the 21st century version of Luke Skywalker, a young 20 something character who is possibly the last hope for the Jedi order.Early in the film when Rey first meets Finn and they are fleeing from pursuing Stormtroopers, Finn repeatedly reaches for Reys hand to aid in her escape. Rey snaps at him I know how to run without you holding my hand. She also outmatches the main villain Kylo Ren both mentally and physically during the course of the film. One of the more notable scenes involves Han Solo recognising that Rey is somebody who can handle herself, in one scene in particular he offers to show Rey how to use a blaster to which she replies I think I can handle myself, his agreement reminds the viewer of how Leia saved his life at the end of Episode VI. He then continues to approve of her proficiency without coming across a patronising, even offering her a job alongside him and letting her aviate his beloved Millennium Falcon.Rey is also an example of the young, maidenly aspects of Jungs term anima, which describes the archetypal feminine. Like much of Abrams previous work it shows an understanding that the anima does not need to be a companion or object of the masculine self which presumes the perspective of the audience, instead being a representation of that perspective.It has also been claimed that Reys character is whats described as a Mary Sue type anima archetype (Zulai Serrano, 2015), which claims the character can do no wrong, making her a character too unrealistic for some viewers. The rich feminine dimension of The Force Awakens makes itself very apparent with the first appearance of the droid BB-8, who serves as Reys heroic token just as R2-D2 served as Lukes. The figure eight body shape of BB-8 resembles that of theNeolithic Venus, which contrasts against the small phallic structure of R2-D2. BB-8 is what is called ayonic symbol, this is the archetypal image of female embodiment (the chassis of BB-8 houses the reward of the quest which is the map to decision the missing Luke Skywalker, this can also be seen as a sort of rebirth for the character in the process).As stated earlier, the original trilogy had only one main female character and although the Prequels had more female characters their representation was even worse, even going as far as to have Padme (Leias mother) dying of a broken heart in Episode VI. The new film takes steps to address this by having several women in key roles.General Leia is the leader of the granting immunity and has been allowed to age gracefully on screen, she is seen as the role of leader while still being a mother figure throughout. Over the course of the films Leia has go from a Princess to a General and from a lover to a leader of the Resistance. Leia also functions independently without either Luke or Han which is very different than the last time we seen her in Return of the Jedi.Leia also conforms to the mature pole of the anima archetype, named by Jung as theGreat Mother. This marks a major archetypal change for Leia from the original trilogies, where she often functioned as the pure aspect of the anima, a role now taken by Rey. Leia still remains a positive representation of the anima as she continues to oppose the negative aspects of the anima, which Jung calls theTerrible Mother. This figure is not represented by one character in particular but by a vast destructive power such as the Death Stars of A New Hope and The Return of the Jedi, and its most recent incarnation Starkiller base in The Force Awakens. Where the Great Mother supports and upholds, similar to what Leia does, the Terrible Mother consumes all, as shown in the Death Stars ability to destroy planets from afar.We are also introduced to the character of Maz Kanata an old, wise mother figure who has been referred to as a female Yoda. It is Maz who gives Rey Luke Skywalkers lightsaber and Awakens the force in her. The fact that this character has been given Yodas role is very noticeable and can be seen as a major step in the gender balance issue. To a lesser extent Captain Phasma as a woman under the Stormtrooper suit is completely new to the Star Wars universe. It is also the first time we see female pilots at the controls of the X- wings during the final assault on Starkiller base which was unheard of before the release of the film.The Force Awakens is a game chan ger in many respects. It honors and updates the themes and tropes fans expect to find in the Star Wars universe by reiterating and reinterpreting compelling characters and symbology from known mythology. While still retaining its traditional values and fearlessly putting a female character such as Rey as the main protagonist and keeps a healthy pleat of old and new characters that continue to transcend their archetype roles. The The Force Awakens can also be seen as more of a reboot than a mishap that builds on the best elements from the previous films and what it promises in the future.Whether the story of the Skywalker family continues throughout the course of the new trilogy is still to be determined but with the inclusion of Rey as the hero a new generation of fans (Male or Female) will look up to promises to bring us in new, fascinating directions.ReferencesAndrew Yang. (2015). The Archetypes Of Star Wars . acquirable https//www.archetypes.com/the-archetypes-of-star-wars/. nett accessed 04th Jan 2017.Glen Robert Gill. (2016). Star Wars The Force Awakens An Archetypal Review. Available http//brightlightsfilm.com/star-wars-the-force-awakens-archetype-gilgamesh-joseph-campbell-hero-mythic-myth-deepens/. Last accessed 13th Jan 2017.Gwendolyn Glover. (2011). Women Role Models. Available http//anna-reinertson.livejournal.com/. Last accessed 04th Jan 2017.John Paul Pianka. (2013). THE POWER OF THE FORCE RACE, GENDER, AND COLONIALISM IN THE STAR WARS UNIVERSE. Available http//wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040context=etd_mas_theses. Last accessed 14th Jan 2017.Kristen Brennan. (2013). Star Wars Origins. Available http//www.moongadget.com/origins/myth.html. Last accessed 7th Jan 2017.Laura Hudson. (2013). Leia Is Not Enough Star Wars and the Woman Problem in Hollywood. Available https//www.wired.com/2013/02/opinion-star-wars-females-media/. Last accessed 04th Jan 2017.Leah12. (2012). The Monstrous Feminine. Available http//monstrous-fem.b logspot.ie/. Last accessed 11th Feb 2017.Lucas Seastrom. (2015). Mythic Discovery Within the Inner Reaches of Outer Space Joseph Campbell Meets George Lucas Part I. Available http//www.starwars.com/news/mythic-discovery-within-the-inner-reaches-of-outer-space-joseph-campbell-meets-george-lucas-part-i. Last accessed eighth Feb 2017.Samuel James. (2015). How does Star Wars The Force Awakens represent women ?. Available http//screenprism.com/insights/article/what-does-star-wars-the-force-awakens-tell-us-about-its-representation. Last accessed 04th Jan 2017.WD TR. (2016). Star Wars The Heroines Journey Of rey. Available http//www.starwarsintheclassroom.com/content/hj/rey_hj.asp. Last accessed 16th Jan 2017.Zulai Serrano. (2015). Star Wars The Force Awakens Is Rey A Mary Sue? Twitter Sparks Fanboy Debate. Available http//www.idigitaltimes.com/star-wars-force-awakens-rey-mary-sue-twitter-sparks-fanboy-debate-499248. Last accessed 20th Feb 2017.

Human Resource Management

humankind Resource Management1. IntroductionBy definition tender Resource Management (HRM) is the function within an makeup that focuses on recruitment of, solicitude of, and providing direction for the people who race in the organization (Hofstede,G 1984) Human Resource Management (HRM) can also be performed by store motorcoachs. As more than and more cooperation are becoming global in their operations people attention is becoming more complex and sophisticated. In this insure it is briefly discussed whether it is possible to manage people from different countries with the same policies and procedures across the guilelesss i.e. whether it is possible for a multi subject area fraternity to rich person ethnocentric approach and bland have global presence or should they adopt more geocentric approach to succeed in foreign markets. According to Porter (1980, 1985) HRM can sponsor a firm obtain competitive advantage and thither is a direct correlation between strategic HR M and economic successSince, the major (and developing) markets for spry phones and electronics are USA and europiuman countries, to be closer to these large markets a manufacturing plant should be established in either of the continents. It is very important for the phoners forethought to have agnize understanding of HRM practices of both the continents (societies) before they invest in new plant in either of the continents. Its clear from the studies in the past that for operational success in foreign land it is important for the care to deeply study the topical anaesthetic HRM practices. A few studies have investigated the effects of purification on use of HRM strategies (Gooderham et al., 1999 Tregaskis, 1997), finding that the HRM strategies used by companies may reflect the heathen values of the jitneys and employees ( Gooderham et al., 1999 Hofstede, 1991 cited in Fields,D., Chan, A. , Akhtar, S. and Blum, T.C. (2006 ). This report go forth interpret North Americ an as well as European culture for human resource practises and compare it with Asiatic HRM practices (where firm is currently based) , also it will throw some light on cultural values, recruitment and training, payments and rewards, motivation and date relations of North American (USA Canadian) and Europe Union companies.2. Culture The close to important factor to look for while globalising the operationsThe better and most comprehensive definition of culture so far has been given by anthropologist Kluckhohn in 1951, according to definitionCulture consists in patterned ways of thinking, feeling and reacting, acquired and transmitted mainly by symbols, constituting the distinctive contactments of human meetings, including their embodiments in artefacts the essential inwardness of culture consists of traditional (i.e. historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values.Culture involves a set of cognitions that are shared by all or many members of a s ocial unit these cognitions are acquired through social learning and socialization processes, and they include values, common understandings, and patterns of beliefs and expectations (Rousseau, 1990). According to Hofstedes in his studies in 1984 it was found that there are main 5 dimensions to culture which are Power Distance, Individualism, Uncertainty Avoidance and Masculinity/Femininity.When dealing with people from diverse background senior managers bet the most important role in formative cultural values of the organization (Sharma,B. and Chew,K.H 2005). Employment practices play an important role in shaping the organizational culture and become the motivating factor for employees. To have successful implementation of HRM policies and practices above mentioned cultural dimensions shouldnt be ignored by HR manager especially when globalizing the operations.2.1 High and Low context CulturesHigh context culture refers to a cultures tendency to cater towards in-groups, an in-g roup being a group that has similar checks and expectations, from which inferences are drawn. In a amply context culture, many things are left unsaid, letting the culture explain. High context cultures are socialist in nature. (Hall, T.E 1976)Low Context culture has tendency to cater towards in-groups. Low context cultures, such as Germany or the United States make much slight extensive use of such similar experiences and expectations to communicate. Much more is explained through words or verbalization, instead of the context. Low context cultures are usually individualistic. (Hall, T.E 1976)In order to communicate successfully managers have to roll the cultural differences and have to alter communicating process according to individualistic or collectivistic cultures. It is best to explain theses differences in terms of low- and high-context communication. Context has to do with how much you have to know before you can communicate effectively. (Hall, T.E 1976)3. Types of Orga nizationIn 1991 kabanoff in his look developed a typology that describes four value profile types organizations can fall into Elite, Meritocratic, Leadership and collegiate. The value profile of an organization is heady by two factors the degree of equality versus inequality in their structures and the degree of equity versus egalitarianism in their processes.The Collegial profile describes an organization where cohesion is the superstar concern. Power, rewards and resources are evenly distributed it relies upon a commitment to shared values and individual responsibility for actions as the basis for task-achievement rather than upon more tangible rewards the organization exercises comparatively little control over peoples activities (e.g. professional bureaucracies). (Kabanoff, 1991). The Meritocratic profile describes an organization whose members are highly concerned with both cohesion and productivity. This type shares many of the integration-oriented qualities of the coll egial culture but with increased emphasis on death penalty and rewarding people for performance (Kabanoff, 1991).An international human resource manager should keep culture (of the country in which organization is based) and type of organization he acts for in mind while designing or forming the people trouble policies for the organization to have successful results.Few organizations foster high performance work bodys also known as high commitment or high contact practices or systems (Wood, 1999 cited in Zacharatos, A., Hershcovis, M.S., Turner, N., Barling, J. 2007).This type of organizations treat its employees as assets, managers in these types of organizations treat employees with fairness and with respect more importantly employees in such organizations become pop out of decision making process. Such organizations provide employees with job security, opportunities to upgrade their skills or pay employees comparatively better wages. (Wood, S., Wall, T., 2002)According to W ood, S. and Wall, T., (2002) all the organization with high performance work systems have following characteristicsa) Foster employee involvement in their work.b) Fosters employee involvement and commitment towards organizational goal.c) Opposite to Taylorist model in which control is favored, in high performance work systems instead individual and group autonomy is preferred.So far in this report we have discussed culture and its impact on work environment also, for clear understanding of the concept organizational types have been discussed. Now moving further this report will briefly discuss European and North-American work culture and compare it with Asian practices of human resource management. This knowledge will help management to understand what changes need to be made to current employment practices in order to successfully manage and motivate employees in western countries.4. Popular Models of HRM4.1 The European model of HRMIn his studies of HRM-economics success equation Beyer (1991) has said Human Resource Management is the only true important determinant of success. In the past most of the authors of HRM studies have focused on US and Japanese models of HRM practices as US is considered to be the birth place of management studies and Japanese model of organizational structure( including human resource practices) have been very successful in the past. really little has been written or said about European model of HRM .There are clear country differences which can be understood and explained in the context of each national culture and its manifestation in history, law, institutions and trade union and employing organization structures or in terms of regional clusters within Europe (Filella, 1991 as cited in Brewster, C 1993).In the words of Thurley, K. and Wirdenius, H. (1991)European Managementis emerging, and cannot be said to exist except in limited circumstances is broadly joined to the idea of European integration, which is continuously expa nding further into different countries (i.e. the 12) reflects key values such as pluralism, tolerance, etc., but is not consciously developed from these values is associated with a balanced stakeholder philosophy and the concept of Social Partners.4.1.1 Importance of Trade Unions in EuropeIn European countries the presence of unions are important the definition, meaning and reliableness of unions varies from country to country in European Union (Brewster, C.1993). European countries are heavily unionized as compared to US. Countries like France, Germany for example has legislation making necessary for firms over certain size and employee strength to consult trade unions in certain circumstances. (Brewster, C.1993). Few academicians argues that workforce in Europe as a continent is deeply influenced by trade unions for example Sweden has union membership of 85 per cent of working population, UK has 40 per cent and France has 12 per cent which is double of US (Gunnigle et al., 1993 c ited in Brewster, C.1993 ). The most important function of trade unions in European countries is to get a incorporated bargain for the employees on industrial or national level (Gunnigle et al., 1993 cited in Brewster, C.1993). By studying the European style of management it can be said that Trade Unions can be seen by management as Social Partners which has a positive role to play in human resource management. This type of view of trade unions is quite opposite to American style of management.4.2 The US model of HRMHR policy is defined by a set of principles, which aim to solve a set of problems and that materialize in a set of practices (Tome, E.,2005). The pioneering study in the field of scientific management which found its way in modern HRM was conducted by Taylor in US in 1964. Few of the important points from Taylors study are as followsHuman skills and organizational competences are essential to the maturation of any company.The skills pyramid has a slight top and large base.Knowledge is essentially holded by the small group at the top.The small top group members should be highly rewarded because they possess a very important asset knowledge. (Cited in Tome, E., 2005).These points have acted as base of US model of HRM since long time. According to Hofstede (2001) in his studies have shown that US culture is more individualistic and achievement-oriented as compared to any other country, Managers from US give more importance to knowledge as compared to anything else and employees do not tie in personally (moral connections) to the jobs like Japanese employees do.4.2.1 Anti- Unionism in USUS model of HRM is anti-union and anti-collective-bargaining. The contemporary approach of HRM ignores trade-unions and are being based on a unitary view of organizations (Strauss, 1968). Since the US society is high on individualistic characteristics so trade-unionism is not very popular in American society.According to research conducted by Marsh,R. and Pedler, M in 1979 on unionization in white soupcon jobs, eight factors were found that affect white collar unionization in US and UK ( See extension 1) (1) Company organisation structure(2) Occupational composition of the workforce(3) Managerial attitudes(4) Existence of staff associations(5) Employers Associations(6) Trade Union recruiting strategies and organisation(7) Professional Associations(8) Government Interventions4.3 Asian model of HRMManagers and workers from companies originated from Asian countries may tend to see a relationship with an organization as a moral connection, where the collective unit and worker have reciprocal obligations to each other. On the other hand, US managers may tend to view employment relationships as primarily scheming in nature (Hofstede, 2001 cited in Fields,D., Chan, A. , Akhtar, S. and Blum, T.C. ,2006 ). This difference may reflect the higher individualism in US culture, where conformity to an organization is seen negatively as misdemeanor in th e self-interest of the employee (Hofstede, 2001).Managers and worker in Asian countries for example China and Hong-Kong differ from the workers in US (North America) in big businessman distance i.e. a orientation is given to more formal interactions with superiors. More importance is given to collectivism in Asian societies as compared to individualism in western societies. These cultural differences may combine to establish differences in decision-making and models of employee-organization relationships that influence choices of strategies to counteract uncertainties in the supply of labor (Fields, D., Chan, A., Akhtar, S. and Blum, T.C. (2006).4.3.1 Performance assessmentIn Asian cultures workers may view performance monitoring and assessment positively. Increased performance monitoring can be perceived as a symbol that managers are taking a greater interest in the workers (Hofstede, 2001). Performance assessment is viewed by Asian workers as one of the ways by which they show t heir moral connections with the company. According to Redding and Wong, 1986 the retention of alive workers in Asian organizations may be increased by placing more emphasis on performance monitoring and assessmentOn the contrary, because of lower power distance in US culture increased performance monitoring is seen negatively. It is seen as managements way of emphasizing the differences between bosses and workers (Hofstede, 2001). In US and European countries this policy of constant and strict performance assessment/monitoring can temper to high attrition within the organization, also it may lead to workers seeking different jobs which could possibly lead to labor shortage in the organization.4.3.2 Training and RecruitmentIn collectivist culture like Asian cultures more emphasis is paid on training and development of existing employees as companies/organizations take it as their moral obligation to increase its employees skills (Hofstede, 2001 cited in Fields, D., Chan, A., Akhtar , S. and Blum, T.C. (2006). Also, Asian firms view training of employees as one of the way to reward them, these in-house trainings make employees feel that they are accepted and important part of collective unit. (Redding and Wong, 1986).In US and European culture where workers are more individualistic and self-interested in their pursuits companies see training as building technical and interpersonal skills of employees (Drost et al., 2002). Such employment practices are popular in US and Europe because of tight labor market and individualistic employees use newly acquired skills to find better position elsewhere.5 fin Key Factors for successful transfer of HR policies from HQ to subsidiary (See Appendix 2)5.1 International experience of local HR coachThe local HR director plays an important role while transferring HR policies. HR director needs to deal effectively with HQ staff, the foreign CEO and the colleagues from other countries. It is desirable that the local HR director have international experience from working and living abroad. (Diplomingenieur, W.S., 2004)5.2 International experience of HQ HR staffHQ staff needs to have the experience of the other side to be a valuable partner to the subsidiary. The necessary experience, in addition to subject expertise, includes cultural sensitivity and a keen sense for the daily business challenges in the subsidiaries. (Diplomingenieur, W.S., 2004)5.3 Practice manuals, clear guidanceCompany/firm should avoid generic policies and guidelines that need to be translated into practices to be justify to management in HQ. HR managers should rather have clear practice manuals and directives, with the freedom to deviate if appropriate. As a simple example consider a policy that says performance review is mandatory versus a manual that says in April each year every employee gets to speak face to face with his or her manager about past performance and expected future performance(Diplomingenieur, W.S., 2004)5.4 Establish feedback routes to HQ other than the CEOUsing the CEO as a feedback route to HQ for HR matters is a short term fix that prevents the long term solution of having a more versatile and internationally surgery HR, both in HQ and in the subsidiaries. (Diplomingenieur, W.S., 2004)5.5Organisation by region, not by issue (mentor)Cultural barriers are reduced and a more direct communication is possible if responsibilities in HQ are organised by region rather than issue. If every country has their HR generalist in HQ as a partner, there will not only be fewer misunderstandings but also the HQ tendencies to have very theoretical, or specific, policies will decrease. (Diplomingenieur, W.S., 2004) polishIt is not essential that managing people is same in all the countries but it hugely depends on the organizational culture and values. Pieper (1990) in his study of European management styles has concluded that a single universal model of HRM doesnt exist. High and low context culture plays an i mportant role in organizations success. An HR manager should keep typology of organization in mind while forming policies, procedures and processes for his firm as it is evident from empirical studies that companies fall under Elite, Meritocratic, Leadership and Collegial typologies and equality/inequality, power distance and individualism/collectivism in the organizational culture depends on typology of the organization.It can also be argued that a multinational company has to keep few values for e.g. The vision and mission of the organization uniform in each and every country of operation in order to achieve its short and long term goals. However, in its endeavor HR manager should not forget that people from different countries have different value system which makes International HRM a challenging task while globalizing the operations.RecommendationThe transfer of policies and procedures from the parent organization to subsidiary location is very important for the multinational o rganizations in order to globalize its the operations. The ability to transfer knowledge effectively across the border is identity of a successful MNE, while doing this management should keep cultural difference in mind, to formulate policies and processes that are not only motivating for employees but also helpful to management for smooth operations. Management should keep fin key factors mentioned above in mind to successfully transfer HRM policies to western countries. It is expected from local HR manager to adapt companies polices according to European or North-American style of HRM and translate into practice. Firm should encourage HR managers as well as employees to participate in cross-border cultural training. Recruit people with international experience or else some of the staff can be transferred from HQ in Asia to the subsidiary in Europe or North-America for short period of time. Create a company specific, regional, practice manual for HR. And lastly encourage at least one annual trip for the local HR director at Europe or America to HQ in Asia.ReferencesBeyer, H.T. (1991) Personalarbeit als integrierter Bestandteil der Unternehmensstrategie paper to the 1991 DGFP Annual Congress, Wiesbaden.Brewster, C 1993 Developing a European model of human resource managementDiplomingenieur,W.S.,(2004) the dissertation submitted in University of Southern Queensland, Australia , on Transfer of human resource policies and practices from German multinational companies to their subsidiaries in South East Asia P 165-169Drost, H., Frayne, C., Lowe, K., Geringer, J.M. (2002), Benchmarking training and development practices a multi-country comparative analysis, Human Resource Management, Vol. 41 No.1, pp.67-86.Fields,D., Chan, A. , Akhtar, S. and Blum, T.C. (2006), Human resource management under uncertainty.Gooderham, P., Nordhaug, O., Ringdal, K. (1999), Institutional and rational determinants of organizational practices human resource management in European firms , Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 44 pp.507-31.Hofstede, G. (1984), Cultural dimensions in management and planning, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Vol. 1 No.2, pp.81-99.Hofstede, G. (1991), Cultures and Organizations Software of the Mind, McGraw-Hill, London, .Hofstede, G. (2001), Cultures Consequences, Second Edition canvas values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, .Hall,T.E (1976) Beyond CulturesKabanoff, B. (1991), Equity, equality, power and conflict, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 16 pp.416-41.Kluckhohn, C. K. (1951). Values and Value Orientations in the Theory of ActionMarsh,R. and Pedler, M. (1979),Unionizing the white collar worker P 2-6Pieper, R. (1990), Human resource management An international comparision, BerlinPorter, M. (1980) Competitive Strategies, New York The Free PressPorter, M. (1985) Competitive Advantage, New York The Free PressRedding, G., Wong, G.Y.Y. (1986), Chinese organization al behaviour, in Bond, M.H. (Eds),The Psychology of the Chinese People, Oxford University Press, Hong Kong, .Rousseau, D.M. (1990), Assessing organizational culture the case for multiple methods, in Schneider, B. (Eds), Organizational Climate and Culture, Jossey Bass, San Francisco, CA,Strauss, G. (1968) Human relations 1968 Style , industrial relations, 7 262-76.Sharma,B. and Chew,K.H (2005) The effect of culture and HRM practices on firms performance.Taylor, F. (1964), Scientific Management, Harper Row, London, .Thurley, K. and Wirdenius, H. (1991) Will management become European Strategic choices for organisations , European Management Journal, 9, 2 127-34.Tome, E. (2005) Human resource policies compared What can the EU and the USA learn from each other? P 405-418Tregaskis, O. (1997), The role of national context and HR strategy in shaping training and development practice in French and U.K. organizations, Organizations Studies, Vol. 18 No.5, pp.839-56.Wood, S., Wall, T. (2002) , Human resource management and business performance, in Warr, P. (Eds),Psychology at Work, Penguin, London, pp.351-74.Zacharatos, A., Hershcovis, M.S., Turner, N., Barling, J. (2007 ) Human resource management in the North American automotive industry A meta-analytic review 231 254Appendix 1Source Marsh,R. and Pedler, M. (1979),Unionizing the white collar worker P 2-6Appendix 2Source Diplomingenieur,W.S.,(2004) the dissertation submitted in University of Southern Queensland, Australia , on Transfer of human resource policies and practices from German multinational companies to their subsidiaries in South East Asia P 165-169

Contrast The Representation Of Friday In Foe And Robinson Crusoe English Literature Essay

Contrast The Representation Of Friday In Foe And Robinson Crusoe English Literature EssayAccording to G Scott Bishop, it is important to read post-colonial literature in English, and memorise the reactions to the discussion of colonialism held by the English, as they reflect the way our historical actions created the world. Taking the plot of the father of the novel (Judith Hawley, spoken, 7th October 2010), and a novel focussed slightly colonialism, Robinson Crusoe, the post-colonial Foe deconstructs it to expose the lies and injustices that are seen in Robinson Crusoe, but neer challenged. The change in cultural norms, from Britain in 1719 to South Africa in 1986 has been vast, and the challenging differences between the twain novels purported to tell the same story is shocking. The central point of these differences is not, as some would suggest, Susan Barton, the interloper character, and female narrator, but more Friday, a character who is the same crosswise the books, and y et incredibly divergent. Defoe employ Friday to explore themes of religion, sla very and subjugation, all of which were supposed to a natural state of being at that magazine in history, and Coetzee uses him to explore more strongly themes of slavery, black identity, and the voice of the oppressed. In neither book is Friday left simply to be a character, he is instead always used as a device through which the reader give the sack explore other topics.Your master says the slavers cut your tongue out but I have never heard of such a practice Is it the truth that your master cut it out himself and blamed the slavers? (Coetzee, J.M, Foe.)The fact that this question is never answered, and that all attempts to force Friday to snuff it fail drastically leave the reader wondering whether the slavers that captured Friday removed his tongue, or whether that was done by the colonialist Cruso, who felt there was no need of a abundant stock of words, (Coetzee, J.M, Foe). This contrasts vast ly with Defoes Crusoe, who saidI began to keep my journal of which I shall here give you the copy (though in it will be told all these particulars everyplace again) as long as it lasted for having no more ink, I was forced to leave it off.This implies clearly that Defoes Crusoe gave a lot more care and interest to address than Coetzees Cruso. Defoes Crusoe, much as he appreciated journaling in his own style whilst alone, also took pleasure in teaching Friday to speak,In a little time I began to speak to him and teach him to speak to me I as well taught him to say Master and then let him know that was to be my name I likewise taught him to say Yes and No and to know the meaning of them.Defoes Crusoe was certainly concerned with language, but never investigated the language that was Fridays own, erasing Fridays history by naming him, and teaching him English. In this way, he could only voice the thoughts that Crusoe had given him language to speak. This was challenged by the voice less Friday in Coetzees work, a character who literally couldnt speak. In this, it could be argued that Coetzee was asserting that it was not his mightily to give voice to an oppressed black character, and let Friday stand for the victims of apartheid and slavery, where Defoe (due to the beliefs of society at his time) believed that it was right and natural for Crusoe to claim the position of Master to Friday, and to speak for him. auditory modality the voice of the ethnic minorities in both Foe and Robinson Crusoe is important, but so is acknowledging their different racial identities. Friday in Foes work, in standing for the victims of apartheid and slavery, is a black African character he was black, negro, with a head of fuzzy wool (Coetzees Foe), whereas Crusoes Friday, not standing for those causes, is portrayed as being an anglicised version of a Caribbean man, who had all the sugariness and softness of a European in his countenance. This implies that Friday was somehow bett er than the average Caribbean tribesman by dint of looking somewhat European, but at the same time, the first language Crusoe taught him was that he was his master. He was an improvement on the average uncivilized, since his appearance was somewhat European, but still his race left him to be the natural servant of Crusoe. This Friday is very much a dramatic device used to portray Crusoes development as a unearthly man Crusoe began to instruct him Friday in the knowledge of the dead on target God. This allowed Defoe to expand on Crusoes earlier mentions of religion, in his conversion, and in the hegemony of the time, caused Crusoe to be seen as a good and moral character, who treated his slave well, and brought him up to be religious (McInelly Colonialism, the novel and Robinson Crusoe). In Coetzees work, Friday is allowed to be sullen and unpleasant, easy to see, but hard to like, he is created to be the embodiment of all the oppression experienced by a racial group, to only be a ble to take in, never to give out ideas or understanding, to be central to a story he can have no part in. The silence of Coetzees Friday could also be said to reflect the reader, who, like Friday can only react and respond to situations. Katherine Wagner however argues against this, verbalize that criticism and silence are mutually exclusive terms. Coetzees Friday can only be silenced, but Defoes Friday has no room to criticise, and no part in making decisions for Crusoe, because in that time, a slave wouldnt have that option at all, Coetzees Friday can take no part, being unable to speak. His isolation and treatment as sulfur class is made far more visible by his disability, a device Coetzee used to avoid speaking the black voice, as a interior white man, whilst still drawing attention to the plight of slaves.Crusoe, Cruso and Barton were all seen to treat Friday very differently, but all see him as a possession in their own way. Crusoe did this most blatantly, in claiming, nam ing Friday and instructing him to call him Master, with Defoes Friday being portrayed as making signs of subjection, servitude, and submission to Crusoe without even any bidding. This added to the moral message of Robinson Crusoe, because it showed the savage being tamed, and later taught religion. This contrasts strongly with the Cruso created by Coetzee, who was sullen (J M Coetzee, Foe) in his service, who obeyed Cruso, but did not have the childish excitement or comically evince pidgin (Chris Boignes, wooly in a maze of doubtin) portrayed in places by Defoe. Barton also claimed him, in spite of trying to treat him as an individual if Friday is not tap to set free, whose is he (J M Coetzee, Foe), and on some level saw him clearly as her property, forgetting that maybe it was not her right to set him free either. (Chris Boignes, Lost in a maze of doubtin).The representation of Friday in these two texts is vastly different, and one could hardly believe that the two were in fact the same character. With different histories, and different personalities, in fact all both have in common is playing the role of the non-white slave in the text, to serve a literary purpose, in both reflecting the views of wider society towards non-white people, and in showing the development of other characters. This is not to say that either Friday was one-dimensional, in particular Coetzees Friday was multi-dimensional and complex, but more that despite the character complexity, despite his being resistant to being interpreted (Bishop C Scott, J. M. Coetzees Foe), and how central they were, both were created to serve only a purpose.1. Bishop, C. Scott. J. M. Coetzees Foe. World Literature directly 64.1 (1990) 54. Print.http//www.jstor.org/sici?origin=sfxsfxsici=0196-3570(1990)641%3C54JMC%22%3E2.0.CO2-H2. Wagner, KM. Dichter and Dichtung + Foe by Coetzee, John Susan Barton and the truth of autobiography. English studies in Africa 32.1 (1989) 1-11. Print.http//pao.chadwyck.co.u k/articles/displayItem.do?QueryType=articlesResultsID=12B06460CF2F1F413filterSequence=0ItemNumber=1journalID=42733. Joanna Scott. Voice and trajectory An interview with J. M. Coetzee Salmagundi.114/115 (1997) 82.22. Print.http//lion.chadwyck.co.uk/searchFulltext.do?id=R01511343divLevel=0area=abellforward=critref_ft4. Bongie, Chris. Lost in the Maze of Doubtin J. M. Coetzees Foe and the government of (Un)Likeness. Modern Fiction Studies 39.2 (1993) 261-0. Print. http//pao.chadwyck.co.uk/PDF/1286892456412.pdf5. Brett C McInelly. Expanding Empires, Expanding Selves Colonialism, the Novel, and Robinson Crusoe. Studies in the Novel 35.1 (2003) 1. Print.http//lion.chadwyck.co.uk/searchFulltext.do?id=R01665469divLevel=0area=abellforward=critref_ft6. Cohen, D. Fashioning Friday (Robinson Crusoe). Queens Quarterly 115.1 (2008) 9-11. Print.http//www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-179351988.html7. Wheeler, Roxann. My Savage, My Man Racial multiplicity in Robinson Crusoe. ELH 62.4 (1995) 821. Print.htt p//www.jstor.org/sici?origin=sfxsfxsici=0013-8304(1995)624%3C821SMRM%3E2.0.CO2-Q8. Ritchie, DE. Robinson Crusoe as Narrative Theologian. Renascence essays on values in literature 49.2 (1997) 94-17. Print.http//find.galegroup.com/shax/retrieve.do?contentSet=IAC-DocumentsresultListType=RESULT_LISTqrySerId=Locale(en,,)FQE%3D(tx,None,39)robinson+crusoe+as+narrative+theologian$sgHitCountType=NoneinPS=truesort=DateDescendsearchType=AdvancedSearchFormtabID=T013prodId=SHAXsearchId=R1currentPosition=1userGroupName=rho_ttdadocId=A19983243docType=9. Donoghue, Frank. Inevitable Politics Rulership and Identity in Robinson Crusoe. Studies in the Novel 27.1 (1995) 1-0. Printhttp//lion.chadwyck.co.uk/searchFulltext.do?id=R01532799divLevel=0area=abellforward=critref_ft10. Ngugi Wa Thiongo. The language of African literature. Decolonising the Mind. London / Portsmouth N.H James Currey / Heinemann 198611. Judith Hawley Robinson Crusoe (University Lecture) 7th October 2010

Romeos Tragic Flaw :: essays research papers

"The essence of being human is that one does not look to perfection," states the British author, George Orwell. Every individual grows to understand that perfection is unachievable, therefore, human beings embody dramatic flaws. Many people tend to be unkempt or rush poor manners, while others have behavioral difficulties such as quick temperament, dishonesty, or intentional rudeness. These perplexities can run about hardships throughout an individuals life. William Shakespeare demonstrates some of these hardships in his puissant drama about The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, that portrays a protagonist, Romeo, who acquires the unfortunate flaw of rashness which later develops into the major downfall of his death. Romeo is an extremely impulsive individual. Throughout the drama, Romeo makes decisions without mete outing the consequences. His mistakes bring about several complications that eventually lead to his untimely death. From the beginning of the novel, Romeo continu ously falls in fill out with different people. The first Act of the play portrays an tender love for the gorgeous Rosaline who refuses to love him. Romeos maudlin behavior is a concern to his friends, who decide to take him to the Capulets masquerade party. Here, Juliets beauty strikes Romeo and his previous love for Rosaline instantaneously diminishes. by and by the party, Romeo encounters Juliet and makes the impulsive decision of promising to marry her. Romeo recounts the story of his newfound love and the desire to marry her, to his adviser, Friar Lawrence, and seeks his advice. The Friar explains that, "Young mens love hence lies/ not truly in their hearts, but in their eyes" (89). The Friar tries to convince Romeo that his love is not true, for he hastily changes his mind about the love of his life. But Romeo does not change his mind and is wed with Juliet. Romeo is also quite brash in his decision to slay Tybalt. If Romeo considered the consequences of murdering h is enemy, he could have prevented his banishment from Verona. Romeo fails to consider that there is no need to slay Tybalt because Tybalt is already headed for assassination due to the fact that he started a fray and murdered Mecrutio. Unfortunately, his impulsiveness overpowers him and Romeo fights Tybalt. If only Romeo had thought rationally, he would not be separated from his dear, sweet Juliet. His banishment causes Romeo to cry out with extreme anguish to the Friar, "Hence banished is banished from the world, / And worlds exile is death.

Soccer :: Art

SoccerMy favorite recreational activity is soccer. I play soccer a lot and oblige been playing for fiver or six seasons. in a game not long ago I made a hat trick , or trinity goals in unmatchable game. We placed second in our league this year. Their are lots of orders in soccer and they are all very important. If you dont follow them you lead pay the consequences. Ill tell you about them in this paper. Probably the most important rule is that you cant touch the ball with your hands. If you do you volition be penalized by the other team fascinateting an indirect kick or a direct kick. The only time it will be a direct kick because of a hand ball will be when the hand ball is in the goalie box. Another rule of soccer is that you cant hit the other players or curse at them. If you do hit another player you will either get a yellow circuit card or a red card depending on the severeness of the hit and if was an accident or not. A yellow card is a caution and a red card puts you out of the game. Soccer is played al over the country and all over the world. It is a childs play that is in the summer Olympics. The games will be held in Atlanta this year and teams from all over the world will be playing there. Hopefully we will get tickets to one of the games because I really want to see one. Soccer is a very fun sport and is very good for me. I shaft it and will always play it. You should try it you have not already tried it. Bicycling Riding my bike is my favorite recreational activity. I have a haro race group 1zI. I ride every day and often ride to school. Their are many tipes of bikes for sale these days. My freinds all ride too. sometimes we go all over town just for fun. There are many kinds of tricks you can do on bikes. Some of them are very uncorrectable and others are very hard and take a while to learn. I can only do a few simple ones. One of the tricks is called an indo. This one I can do and quite well. Its really pretty simple all you have to do is get going pretty averse and hit the front brakes.

Appalachian Music :: essays research papers

Appalachian medical specialtyAppalachee - people on the other sideFolk music - What is common people music?     Traditional songs existing in countries.     Handed down through generations.     Passes on by word of mtabooh, not written in musical notation.Dont know who wrote it.      song and lyrics change as they are passed on.Folk Music is History in song     Tells about daily lives.Tells about Special events - often tragedies, themes of romance, battle, adventure, and history.Purpose of folk music     Entertainment, recreation, socializing, dancing, games.     Teaching, make work go faster, religious.Tells a story (ballads).Origins of Appalachian people     Ireland     Scotland     EnglandMusic influenced by folk and mountain music     Country   &nbs p blue grass     Modern folkMusical instruments used (folk instruments)     Dulcimer, fiddle, banjo, guitar, mandolin, autoharp, mouth bow, washtub bass.Body percussion, spoons, washboard, Jews harp.Harmonica, jug. bluegrass Music - What is bluegrass music?     Direct descendant of old-time string roofy tradition, which developed out of Southern mountain dance music & songs.Combines old-time string band music with gospel harmonies & blues rhythms.play on acoustic instruments (natural sound)     Banjo, guitar, fiddle, mandolin, bass fiddle, dobro (resophonic guitar)Instrumental leads used to show off technical abilityDistinctive vocal harmoniesOriginations of bluegrassBill Monroe - "The father of Bluegrass"     Grew up in Rosine, Kentucky (Ohio County)     Music takes its name from Bill Monroes band, The Blue Grass Boys     I nfluenced by -Pendleton Vandiver ("Uncle Pen") the uncle who "raised" Bill and taughthim how to play the fiddle.Arnold Schultz, black "blues" vocalizer and guitar player.Timeline1911 - Bill Monroe born on September 131940s - development of bluegrass music1950s - people began referring to his style of music as Bluegrass1960s - concept of "bluegrass festival" introduced1996 - Bill Monroe died on September 91997 - Bill Monroe inducted into Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Because of his influenceon popular musicBluegrass Music featured inFilms of "Bonnie and Clyde", "Deliverance"Television Shows of "The Beverly Hillbillies", "The Dukes of Hazard"Written OverviewA sample overview of the history of bluegrass music follows. It should be brief only if comprehensive, as it may also be the introduction of the music to teachers as a study guide before or after an in school presentation or they may include this information in a histo ry of social studies discussion if a program presentation is not possible.Bluegrass Music The RootsThe street balladry of the people who began migrating to America in the early 1600s is considered to be the roots of traditional American music. As the early Jamestown settlers began to spread out into the Carolinas, Tennessee, Kentucky and the Virginias, they composed new songs about day to day like experiences in the new land.